Definisi Operasional & Organisasi
Kajian (Bab 1)#JomTulisTesis (12:47)
Bab 1,
seterusnya kita pergi 1.8 iaitu definisi operasional. Okey ini agak sukar,
kadang-kadang pelajar agak keliru, operasional bermakna tentang definasi
tentang Kajian yang kita jalankan, bukan definasi konsep. Macam contoh pelajar
ada buat makna satu persatu iaitu wacana, apa makna skrip, tekstual, animasi,
cerita, rakyat, dan melayu, itu adalah salah. Bukan kita mahu definasi itu,
kalau definasi tiap-tiap satu, mulalah pelajar akan rujuk kamus dewan, dia akan
rujuk semua jenis kamus. Itu kita tidak mahu. Jangan! Operational adalah
tentang kajian kita. Jadi biiasanya definasi operational ini minma 2 atau
paling maksima tentang bagaimana kita nak jalankan kajian ini supaya, bila
pembaca akan faham (ouh. Ini maksudnya). Jadi jikalau kita lihat tajuk ini, kita
ambil satu untuk wacana tekstual, lagi satu kita ambil skrip animasi cerita
rakyat Melayu. Kalau kita nak ambil bezakan skrip animasi, jadi satu skrip
animasi yang tiada kaitan pula. Jadi satu skrip animasi apa? Jadi kita boleh
teruskan. Untuk tajuk ini, mungkin ada dua. Tajuk yang lain mungkin ada tiga.
kalau kita ambil tajuk daripada kejuruteraan tu contohnya, mungkin di dalam
operational itu ada banyak sebab dia ada kadar pemboleh ubah yang banyak di
dalam itu. Kalau daripada tesis sain begitu juga. Ada banyak pemboleh ubah yang
membolehkan kita membuat definasi operational supaya pemeriksa faham apa kaitan
tajuk itu dengan tesis tersebut. Kalau kita tengok tesis dari segi bentuk
ekonomi juga begitu. Kita ada banyak pemboleh ubah, mungkin lebih dari tiga.
Jadi yang ini, kita fokus pada, contohnya kita letak “wacana tekstual”.
Namun, wacana
tekstual yang awak nak kaji mesti berkaitan dengan kajian dan pastikan bahawa
bukanlah yang ini mesti ambik dari rujukan (perlu ada rujukan). Ada satu cara,
satu ambik “wacana tekstual”, berkaitan dengan kajian awak yang berfokus pada
skrip animasi. Wacana tekstual ini akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan 3 elemen,
contohnya, kandungan, konteks dan andaian. Jadi menurut Normaliza Abd Rahim
2019, wacana tekstual apa dia? Apa dia? Bolehlah ada rujukan. Seterusnya juga
1.8.2 Skrip Animasi Cerita Rakyat Melayu, jadi ini perlulah kaitan dengan
kajian awak, jadi huraikan apa dia secara ringkas. Skrip Animasi Cerita Rakyat
Melayu terdiri daripada 20 cerita, sebab awak punya dalam analisis tesis ada 20
cerita. Skrip animasi ini berbentu? Apa dia? Jadi huraian. Mungkin yang ini
skrip animasi cerita rakyat melayu ini awak huraikan ialah berkaitan dengan
berkaitan dengan kajian kita. Namun tiada pula rujukan, tidak mengapa. Jadi ada
2 cara. Ada rujukan dan tiada rujukan. Jadi yang kedua tiada rujukan, tapi awak
buat huraian tentang wacana tekstual itu dari segi konteks awak punya tesis,
jadi tiada rujukan. Kedua-dua cara itu boleh diterima, namun seperti yang saya
katakan sebelum ini mesti rujuk penyelia terlebih dahulu. Jika penyelia kata
mahu rujukan, mesti letak rujukan. Jika penyelia kata, saya percaya dan saya
faham ini sebenarnya tidak perlu rujukan kerana ia berkaitan dengan kajian
awak, bukan kajian orang lain (juga boleh diterima). Macam saya katakana
sebelum ini, kita ini berbeza pendapat, berebeza sekolah, jadi pemikiran kita
juga berbeza. Jadi pemikiran penyelia, kalua kita ada sejuta penyelia, sejuta
juga pendapat dari penyelia. Jadi terpulanglah kepada penyelia. Jadi kalau
macam saya, saya kata tidak perlu sebab bagi saya definisi operasional tentang
kajian bagaimana awak nak jalankan kajian. Namapun operasional, jalankan
kajian, bukan definisi konsep, jadi jika ada rujukan pastikan kalau nak buat
rujukan, tak boleh rujuk kamus (tidak perlu), mesti rujuk daripada
kajian-kajian, bukannya rujuk kamus. Jangan kata “Menurut kamus dewan edisi
keempat, wacana tekstual ialah…, tidak boleh. Jadi mesti rujuk rujukan,
kajian-kajian daripada orang lain. Macam saya katakana tadi, satu boleh rujuk
rujukan, dan dua tidak ada rujukan juga boleh. Terpulang kepada penyelia
masing-masing. Jadi jikalau diterima itu, mestilah akur sahaja.
Jadi sekarang
ini jika kita lihat, setelah selesai definisi operasional, kita teruskan 1.9
iaitu, Organisasi kajian. Organisasi kajian ini sebenarnya terpulang kepada
individu iaitu kepada pelajar dan juga penyelia. Yang ini biasanya, saya akan
suruh pelajar PHD, saya akan suruh letak organisasi kajian, kadang-kadang
pelajar master juga bileh, namun jika mereka tidak letak juga tiada masalah.
Yang ini boleh pilih, jika perlu sahaja. Organisasi kajian buat dalam bentuk
perenggan, jadi perenggan pertama ialah apa ada dalam bab 1, kemudian perenggan
seterusnya ada apa dalam bab 2 dan seterusnya perenggan 3, apa ada dalam bab 3,
mengikut organisasi kita, kita buat secara ringkas supaya bila penyelia baca,
mengikut susunan perenggan dan mengetahui isi kandungan setiap bab. Penyusunan
tesis kita secara teratur, jadi setiap perenggan itu dalam ringkasan sahaja
kerana seperti yang saya katakan sebelum ini, tiap-tiap bab kita ada
pengenalan. Pengenalan itu sudah kita katakan apa yang terkandung dalam bab
tersebut. Tetapi dalam organisasi kajian ini kita mesti nyatakan secara ringkas
apa ada dalam tiap-tiap perenggan. Jadi untuk pelajar PHD, saya akan wajibkan
supaya dia sendiri boleh faham, apa ada dalam tiap-tiap bab dan juga kalau
pelajar master, bolehlah jika mereka mahu buat atau tidak buat, pelajar
bachelor juga tidak mengapa dan juga pelajar diploma juga tiada masalah,
terpulang kepada penyelia. Seterusnya 1.0 baru masuk kepada kesimpulan, semua
bab macam saya katakan tadi mesti ada kesimpulan, harus kita simpulkanlah apa
ada dalam bab tersebut.
Jadi apa yang saya dapati tesis tiada
kesimpulan, jadi tergantung sahaja begini. Jadi apabila tergantung begini,
tiba-tiba kita tengok sudah masuk bab 2, jadi tidak ada kesinambungan bab 1 dan
juga bab 2, macam bab 1 itu ada satu bab lain, seperti menjadi antiti lain
pula, jadi tiada kaitan lansung dengan bab 2 (tidak boleh), kita mesti ada
kesimpulan. Kesimpulan ini kita simpulkan apa ada dalam bab 1 dan juga mesti
ingat ayat akhir, kita mesti letak kaitkan dengan bab seterusnya. Bab
seterusnya iaitu bab 2 akan membincangkan sorotan kajian…. Jadi bolehlah kita
dapati bahawa ada kesinambungan antara bab 1 dan juga bab 2, jadi sama juga
dengan saya terangkan dalam bab-bab lain, dalam kesimpulan mesti ada ayat
akhir, kita nyatakan apa ada dalam bab seterusnya. Jadi pentingnya ada
kesimpulan. Namun itulah, seperti yang saya katakana tadi, mungkin ada penyelia
“tak perlulah nak simpulkan”, mungkin itu pemikiran beliau, pemikiran kita ini
berbeza macam saya katakan tadi. Lupa saya katakan, halaman berapa? (halaman
berapa ya prof?). bab 1 ini biasanya lebih kurang 8-10 halaman sahaja. Ini yang
saya katakana tadi, bahaya jika ada sesetengah pelajar buat sampai 30 halaman
(ini adalah salah). Nak tahu kenapa sampai 30? Masalah kajian itu sahaja sudah
15 halaman. Apabilah masalah kajian ada 30 halaman, dia akan menjadi macam
seolah-olah dia buat sorotan kajian (itu sudah salah). Sebab masalah kajian ini
kita ambil hanya yang betul-betul penting, masukkan dalam itu. Sedangkan kita
tahu bahawa dalam bab 2 memang banyak ada jurang dekat situ, jadi itu juga
menjadi masalah, jadi kita ambil yang penting sahaja. Jadi apabila kita letak
masalah kajian itu ada 30, bermakna akan menjadi banyak halaman (sudah menjadi
kesalahan). Sebab yang penting sekarang ini adalah, akan menjadi sama dengan
bab 2. Macam saya katakan tadi, permasalahan kajian itu kita fokuskan ikut
objektif, objektif ada 2, maka 2 perenggan jugalah masalah kajian. Jika
objektif ada 3, maka 3 perenggan, namun mestilah padat, walaupun ringkas tetapi
padat. Dikaitkan juga dengan objektif, tapi yang selebihnya sorotan-sorotan
ataupun jurang penyelidikan lain mempunyai masalah ada dalam bab 2, jadi pelaj
boleh rujuk daripada situ, jadi kita buat 8-10 halaman sahaja, namun jangan
kurang dari 8, jadi seperti kurang halaman, jika mahu lebih sampai 15 halaman
juga boleh diterima, sebab mungkin dia bersemangat untuk tulis latar belakang
(tiada masalah). Tapi jangan lebih sampai 15 halaman, kita takut akan jadi
seperti sebulat-bulat bab 2, jadi jika saya pemeriksa itu, saya akan lipat
halaman tesisi ini dan saya tulis “ini mesti masuk bab 2”.
Operational Definition
& Study Organization (Chapter 1) #JomTulisTesis (12:47)
Chapter
1, next we go 1.8 which is the operational definition. Okay this is a bit
difficult, sometimes students are a bit confused, operational means about the
definition of the Study we are conducting, not the definition of a concept.
Various examples have students create meaning one at that passage, what is the
meaning of the script, textual, animation, stories, people, and wilt, it is
wrong. We do not want that definition, if the definition of each one, first the
student will refer to the hall dictionary, he will refer to all types of
dictionaries. That we do not want. Don't! Operational is about our study. So
usually this operational definition is at least 2 or at most about how we want
to conduct this study so that, when the reader will understand (ouh! This
means). So if we look at this topic, we take one of the textual discourse, we
take another one animation script Malay folklore. If we want to differentiate
between animated scripts, then it is an animated script that has nothing to do.
So what is an animated script? So we can move on. For this title, there may be
two. Other titles may have three. if we take the title from the engineering for
example, maybe in the operational there are many reasons he has a large
variable rate in it. If from a science thesis so too. There are many variables
that allow us to make operational definitions so that the examiner understands
what the title has to do with the thesis. If we look at the thesis in terms of
economic form, so is it. We have many variables, maybe more than three. So this
one, we focus on, for example we place "textual discourse".
However,
the textual discourse you want to study must be relevant to the study and make
sure that this is not the one that must be taken from the reference (there must
be a reference). There is a way, an ambiguous "textual discourse",
related to your study that focuses on animated scripts. This textual discourse
will be analysed using 3 elements, for example, content, context and
assumptions. So according to Normaliza Abd Rahim 2019, what textual discourse
is he? What is it? There may be a reference. 1.8.2 There are also scripts
Animations Folklore Festival, so this should be linked to the study of the body,
so he briefly describes what. Script Animation Folklore Festival consists of 20
stories, because you have in the analysis of the thesis there are 20 stories.
Is this animated script shaped? What is it? So the description. Perhaps this
script Malay folklore this animation you describe is related to related to our
study. But there is no reference, it does not matter. So there are 2 ways.
There are references and no references. So the second one has no reference, but
you make a description of the textual discourse in terms of the context you
have a thesis, so there is no reference. Both methods are acceptable, but as I
said before, you must consult your supervisor first. If the word supervisor
wants a reference, he must place a reference. If the supervisor says, I believe
and I understand this actually does not need a reference because it is related
to your study, not someone else’s study (also acceptable). Like I said before,
we have different opinions, different schools, so our thoughts are also different.
So the thought of the supervisor, if we have a million supervisors, a million
also opinions from the supervisor. So it is up to the supervisor. So if you are
like me, I say there is no need for me to have an operational definition of the
study of how you want to conduct the study. However operational, conduct a
study, not a definition of the concept, so if there is a reference make sure if
you want to make a reference, cannot refer to the dictionary (not necessary),
must refer from the studies, not refer to the dictionary. Do not say “According
to the fourth edition of the hall dictionary, textual discourse is…, cannot. So
must refer to references, studies from others. Like I said earlier, one can
refer to a reference, and two no reference can also. It is up to the respective
supervisor. So if it is accepted, it must be compliant.
So
now if we look, after completing the operational definition, we proceed to 1.9
that is, the organization of the study. The organization of this study is
actually up to the individual, namely the students and also the supervisor.
This is usually, I will ask PHD students, I will ask the placement of the study
organization, sometimes the master students can do it, but if they do not put
it, there is no problem. This one can be selected, if necessary only. The
organization of the study is in the form of a paragraph, so the first paragraph
is what is in chapter 1, then the next paragraph is what is in chapter 2 and
then paragraph 3, what is in chapter 3, according to our organization, we do
briefly so that when the supervisor reads, according paragraph order and know
the contents of each chapter. Organizing our thesis regularly, so each
paragraph is in summary only because as I said before, each of our chapters has
an introduction. That introduction we have already said what is contained in
the chapter. But in the organization of this study we must state briefly what
is in each paragraph. So for PHD students, I will make sure that he himself can
understand, what is in each chapter and also if he is a master student, maybe
if they want to do or not do, bachelor students are also okay and even diploma
students are no problem, it depends to the supervisor. To the next 1.0 just
came to the conclusion, all chapters like I said earlier must have a
conclusion, we must conclude what is in the chapter.
So
what I found the thesis was no conclusion, so it just hung like this. So when
it hangs like this, we suddenly see that chapter 2 has entered, so there is no
continuation of chapter 1 and also chapter 2, like chapter 1 there is another
chapter, like being another entity, so it has nothing to do with chapter 2 (no
can), we must have a conclusion. In this conclusion we conclude what is in
chapter 1 and also must remember the last sentence, we must put a link with the
next chapter. The next chapter which is chapter 2 will discuss the highlights
of the study…. So we can find that there is a continuation between chapter 1
and also chapter 2, so just as I explained in other chapters, in conclusion there
must be a final sentence, we state what is in the next chapter. So it is
important to have a conclusion. But that is, as I said earlier, there may be a
supervisor "there is no need to conclude", maybe that is his
thinking, our thinking is different like I said earlier. I forgot to say, how
many pages? (How many pages, prof?). this chapter 1 is usually about 8-10 pages
only. This is what I said earlier, the danger if some students make up to 30
pages (this is wrong). Want to know why up to 30? The problem of the study
alone is already 15 pages. When the problem of the study has 30 pages, he will
be as if he is the highlight of the study (that is already wrong). Because the
problem of this study we take only the really important, include in it. While
we know that in chapter 2 there are many gaps near there, so that is also a
problem, so we take only the important. So when we put the problem of the study
there are 30, it means there will be a lot of pages (already a mistake). The
important reason now is, it will be the same as chapter 2. As I said earlier,
we focus on the problem of the study according to the objective, the objective
is 2, then 2 paragraphs are also the problem of the study. If the objective is
3, then 3 paragraphs, but must be concise, albeit simple but concise. It is
also associated with objectives, but the rest of the highlights or other
research gaps have problems in chapter 2, so students can refer from there, so
we make 8-10 pages only, but not less than 8, so like less pages, if want more
than 15 pages is also acceptable, because maybe he is eager to write the
background (no problem). But not more than 15 pages, we are afraid it will be
like a whole chapter 2, so if I check it, I will fold this thesis page and I
write "this must enter chapter 2".
Rujukan :
Normaliza Abd Rahim. (2019). Jom Tulis Tesis. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Kehadiran Minggu 11
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